Knowing the components of economic education provides the dynamic background of education in this field. The aim of the current research is to investigate the indicators and components of the economic education curriculum. The approach of the current research is qualitative and its method is research synthesis. The research community is all the articles (211 articles) that have been presented from 1390 to 1401 AD and from 2010 to 2022 AD regarding economic education in curricula. The sample of the research is 32 articles, which were selected based on thematic monitoring, theoretical data saturation, and purposefully. The research data were collected from the qualitative analysis of the studied articles. By analyzing the data, the dimensions of vitality in the curriculum of the elementary school in 4 factors and 55 categories including the dimension of individual factors (including indicators and components related to personality characteristics); The dimension of culture and economic ethics (economic fields in the society); The dimension of economic concepts and knowledge (indices in economic education) and the dimension of collective and communication concepts (communication and interaction indicators in education) were classified. Economic education is dependent on internal and external components in educational systems, which requires macro-planning in this field.

A B S T R A C T Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green city is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the green city. In this study, 14 indicators of electricity consumption per capita, green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad city areas in terms of green city indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of green city characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city Extended Abstract Introduction Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. A “Green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green cities constantly try to manage their environmental effects by reducing waste, increasing recycling, reducing air pollution, increasing population density, developing open urban spaces, and encouraging the development of sustainable local businesses. Green cities were first used to evaluate 30 European cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) in 2009 with the financial support of Siemens and the aim of reducing the environmental effects of human activities in cities. In that study, eight indices of carbon dioxide, energy, construction, transportation, water, recycling and land use, air quality, and environmental governance were used. Later, the Economist Intelligence Unit, with the financial support of Siemens, evaluated the status of the green city index in 17 Latin American cities, 15 African cities, 22 major Asian cities, and 27 cities in United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In recent years, even some Western Islamic scholars have, in various publications, shown that Islam is an ecological religion. In Iran, the issue of protecting the environment has not received much attention regardless of its rich cultural and religious background and its confirmation in Article 50 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Mashhad is the second metropolis of Iran, located in North-East of Iran, and is one of the counties of Khorasan Razavi Province. According to the 2016 Iranian Population and Housing Census, its population was 3057679 people (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality). In Mashhad, due to several reasons including the presence of Imam Reza Shrine (PBUH) and arrival of millions of pilgrims per year, population growth, increased garbage production (production of 896534 tons of garbage in 2016 (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality), air pollution (increased number of unhealthy days from 46 days per year in 2015 to 88 days in 2016 for sensitive groups and 4 days of unhealthy air for all groups in 2016 (Center for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants of Mashhad Municipality) the 2025 vision of the city has paid attention to the environment in the form of five general objectives; however, just like the national level, no specific pattern for environmentally-compatible urban development, such as green city, is determined. Analysis of the green city index in Mashhad metropolis can considerably contribute to urban managers and planners in addition to providing a pattern for evaluating the present situation in other cities of Iran and improving the quality of life regardless of the current status of the urban environment in Iranian cities; we can preserve these environments as parts of the natural environment for future generations.   Methodology In terms of its goal, the present study is an applied one; in the study, drawing upon other studies and library sources and considering the conditions of Iran and the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city, 14 quantitative indices were exerted. To this end, the required data for the quantitative indices was gathered by library research from the relevant institutions. Next, the weights of quantitative indices were determined using Shannon's entropy. Then, using the VIKOR method of multi-criteria decision-making, the status of various districts of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of quantitative indices of green city was determined. Finally, the map of the spatial distribution of quantitative indices was drawn using the ARC GIS software package.   Results and discussion In this study, to analyze the status of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city features, 14 quantitative indices were used. Considering the value of the VIKOR index ranges from 0 to 1, various districts of Mashhad can be classified into five categories; very satisfactory, satisfactory, average, unsatisfactory, and very unsatisfactory in terms of quantitative indices of green city. The results of the current situation of Mashhad showed that in terms of objective indicators of the green city, District 9 of Mashhad metropolis with a value of VIKOR index of 0.056 is in first place, and the seventh region with a value of VIKOR index of 0.433 is in second place. Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city.   Conclusion Similarly, the results of studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) on Tehran metropolis are indicative of the unsatisfactory situation of Tehran (the biggest metropolis of Iran) in terms of green city features. Comparing the results of the studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) with the present study on Mashhad (the second biggest metropolis of Iran) reveals the necessity for a comprehensive plan toward achieving green cities. It should be mentioned that, due to the specific conditions of Mashhad metropolis and availability or unavailability of the required data, the indices used in the present study are somewhat different from the ones used by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017).   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

Aim and Background: The main purpose of this study was to review the effectiveness of applied behavioral analysis (ABA) approach on symptoms of autistic children during a five-year period.Methods and Materials: In this quasi-experimental study, 20 autistic children (3-7 years of age) were intervened by ABA approach at Isfahan Center of Autism for a period of five years (2007-12). Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS) was filled out at baseline and at the end of the five-year period. Besides, the subjects were assessed by a checklist including cognitive comprehension, mathematical and verbal skills, and self-help at the beginning of the study and at the end of each year. After five years, all collected data was analyzed with SPSS19.Findings: Pretest and the posttest values of stereotypic behaviors, communication problems, social interactions, and GARS total scores were significantly different (P<0.001). Furthermore, significant improvements in cognitive comprehension, mathematical and verbal skills, and self-help were observed after each year and at the end of the five-year period (P<0.001).Conclusions: On the whole, it can be concluded that ABA-based interventions can effectively reduce symptoms of autism and increase skills.

Mental Health index and religious and belief thoughts are most important and interdisciplinary subjects for psychology and theology which are considered by researchers. Koran now pointed the audience that this domain discussed a shadow of mental health by offering mental health indicators in its verses specially in prophet’, s stories and destinies of noble humans and people. Mental health index has many symbols in Koran verses and results and researches of thinkers and confirmed it. Koran cited positive effects of religious teachings to remove anxiety factors and establish a bed for growth and promotion of mental health by offering special methodology. This article was performed by descriptive-analytic method and use of pertain verses to investigate mental health indicators and its behavioral indicators. Finally, it was concluded that mental health shall be intertwined in spiritual life for the bliss of world and hereafter for human. Also, self-control like maintain emotions and prevents from sin and constructive behaviors like praying and enhance ethical virtues are regarded as most important behavioral indicators for mental health in Koran stories.

Background and aims: Accidents (driving and work) have caused a lot of damage to the community, the organization, and the people. the related costs, while having bad Effects on the economic indicators at the national and family levels, are an obstacle to achieve the predetermined goals. This study examined the behavioral factors related to accident-prone behavioral in car drivers, and through this, provided a distinct and reliable indicator for identifying drivers at risk Methods: The present research was a case-control study, which has been designed to predict the group membership (accident- pronoun drivers) and develop a cognitive equation to introduce the driver’s accident-proneness behavioral index. A demographic questionnaire and the Manchester Standard Driving Behavior questionnaire were used in the study which has been validated for the Iranian community. The data were processed in SPSS V20 using univariate and multivariate analysis of variance as well as two-group discriminant analysis methods. Results: The drivers with a history of accidents showed higher levels of mistakes, slips, and intentional violations compared to the group without accidents. The two groups of drivers with and without a history of accidents were revealed to be at the same level in terms of committing inadvertent violations (committing illegal non-violent acts). Conclusion: According to Eta (η) squares, one can say that 1-8% of the observed differences in two groups of drivers may be due to the accident history effect.

Introduction: A consistent approach to pain assessment for patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) is a major difficulty for health practitioners due to some patients’ inability, to express their pain verbally. This study aimed to assess pain behaviors (PBs) in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients at different levels of consciousness. Methods: This study used a repeated-measure, within-subject design with 35 patients admitted to an ICU. The data were collected through observations of nociceptive and non-nociceptive procedures, which were recorded through a 47-item behavior-rating checklist. The analyses were performed by SPSS ver. 13 software. Results: The most frequently observed PBs during nociceptive procedures were facial expression levator contractions (65. 7%), sudden eye openings (34. 3%), frowning (31. 4%), lip changes (31. 4%), clear movement of extremities (57. 1%), neck stiffness (42. 9%), sighing (31. 4%), and moaning (31. 4%). The number of PBs exhibited by participants during nociceptive procedures was significantly higher than those observed before and 15 minutes after the procedures. Also, the number of exhibited PBs in patients during nociceptive procedures was significantly greater than that of exhibited PBs during the non-nociceptive procedure. The results showed a significant difference between different levels of consciousness and also between the numbers of exhibited PBs in participants with different levels of traumatic brain injury severity. Conclusion: The present study showed that most of the behaviors that have been observed during painful stimulation in patients with traumatic brain injury included facial expressions, sudden eye opening, frowning, lip changes, clear movements of extremities, neck stiffness, and sighing or moaning.

Introduction: Aging process is inevitable, which increases the risk of illness and death in people. Menopause occurs as a part of the aging process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of metformin (Met) on muscle strength, anxiety and memory in ovariectomized mice Methods: Thiswas an experimental study. 96 female mice (Age 6 months) (20-25 g) were randomly divided into sex groups, including: (1) sham, (2) ovariectomized, (3 and 4) ovariectomized + Met (1 and 10 mg/kg) (5) Met 10 mg/kg, and (6) healthy. At first, the mice were ovariectomized and then received Met for six months. Muscle strength, memory, and anxiety in the exprimental groups was examined. Statistical analysis was performed via SPSS16 and the differences between groups were analyzed by one way ANOVA. Results: The results of the study showed Met with doses of 1 mg / kg and 10 mg significantly reduced the anxiety of mice (p = 0. 0295 and p = 0. 0024, respectively), increased memory (p = 0. 0004 and p = 0. 0044, respectively) and at dose of 10 mg / kg it improved muscle strength (p = 0. 0148) compared to the ovariectomy group. Conclusion: Metformin has beneficial effects on behavioural manifestations of aging and ovarectomy.

Background: Sense of humor is one of the most fundamental behavioral indicators that is examined in relation to successful leaders and managers in organizations. This indicator has also been used in Iran Tobacco Company to identify and evaluate the behavior of leaders, using psychological indicators to identify and evaluate the characteristics of leaders. This evaluation demonstrates the effective impact on improving performance and the success of the organization Aims: The objective of this research was to identify the psychological behavioral indicators of sense of humor in leadership within the Iran Tobacco Company. Methods: The present study aimed to identify the factors influencing the application of psychological sense of humor in leadership within the Iran Tobacco Company and identify the key factors that play a fundamental role in implementing a certain type of sense of humor in leadership in this company. In the first step, to understand the nature of the formation of the concept, extract themes, concepts, and relationships among them, and develop a conceptual model in this area, an interpretive phenomenological approach and a semi-structured interview tool were utilized with 12 experts. In the second step, in order to generalize the results and analyze them, the data were collected in the form of a questionnaire and administered to 361 employees, and then analyzed using SPSS and SMART PLS4 software. Results: By confirming the structural model of the study, it was found that the formation of the concept of psychological behavioral indicators of sense of humor in leadership within the Iran Tobacco Company consists of 6 components and 16 related concepts. Throughout the examined relationships, the conceptual model of the research has been implemented. The results of the study show that the influence between the components in the quantitative study was significant and appropriate. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the Iran Tobacco Company needs leaders who possess creativity, innovation, and the ability to be flexible and adapt to environmental changes. These leaders should have high self-confidence and the ability to establish effective communication and collaboration with employees. These factors can have a significant impact on improving company performance and success and serve as a key driver of change and advancement within the organization. Considering the importance of the tobacco industry in Iran, the influence of leaders' sense of humor can guarantee the improvement of company performance and success.